Examples of Biomarkers used to Analyze Clinical Samples
Proliferation / Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers
Apoptosis Biomarkers
Examples of Clinical Testing by QualTek
Pre-Treatment versus Post-Treatment
Ki67 IHC staining in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pre-treatment/baseline sample. There is an abundance of proliferating cells.
Ki67 IHC staining in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded post-treatment sample. There are significantly fewer proliferating cells.
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A
A. Ki67 in epidermis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human skin sample.
B. Ki67 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human colon carcinoma.
C. pAKT in epidermis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human skin sample.
D. pAKT in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human prostate carcinoma.
Section of human colon carcinoma labeled with TdT. Biotinylated nucleotides are added to free 3’-OH. Detection with streptavidin HRP conjugate. Nuclear staining with DAB.
Methyl green counterstain.
Normal human tonsil labeled with an antibody to Cleaved-Caspase-3. There is globular cytoplasmic staining of a subset of cells and diffuse cytoplasmic staining in germinal center. Hematoxylin counterstain.
Localization of Therapeutic Agent
Anti-idiotype detection of monoclonal therapeutic antibody in treated formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded xenograft. Staining is detected in stroma and on the plasma membrane of tumor cells.
Anti-idiotype detection of monoclonal therapeutic antibody in untreated formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded xenograft. No staining is detected in this tissue.
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B
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C
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D
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East Coast Laboratory
300 Pheasant Run, Newtown PA, 18940
West Coast Laboratory
6483 Calle Real, Suite A, Goleta CA, 93117
BrdU staining in a xenograft tissue
Several IHC biomarkers can be used to detect the growth or proliferation of cancer cells. One such method detects newly synthesized DNA in replicating cells by targeting a synthetic nucleoside called BrdU.
BrdU (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine) is an analog of the DNA building block thymidine. It can be administered to model organisms such as mice and rats. When BrdU molecules are present in abundance in the animal’s cells, they are incorporated into DNA (in place of thymidine) during DNA synthesis. In this way, proliferating cells are distinguished by the presence of BrdU in their DNA.
Detecting DNA Synthesis (BrdU)
QualTek has effective and reproducible IHC assays in place for the detection of BrdU in animal tissues. We utilize commercially available antibodies designed against the BrdU molecule to visualize newly synthesized DNA in the nuclei of dividing cancer cells. In this way, the degree of proliferation in a cancerous tumor can be measured. Changes in cellular proliferation levels in treated versus untreated animal samples can also be analyzed.
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